What's the Difference Between a Hydrogen Bomb and a Typical Atomic Bomb? On Sunday, North Korea detonated what they claimed to be a hydrogen bomb and the weapon test has prompted serious concern from the U. S. and allies. But what makes a hydrogen bomb scarier than a regular atomic bomb? Check the news and you’re guaranteed to hear to about conflict in some part of the world. But…Read more For one, typical atomic bombs use nuclear fission, or the splitting of unstable uranium or plutonium atoms, to enhance a bomb’s blasting power. When the atoms are split, their subatomic neutrons go free, splitting up more atoms and unleashing devastating amounts of energy. These types of atomic bombs were the ones used in World War II against Japan, and they’re what experts believe North Korea has been testing up until now. But the tremors felt during Sunday’s test may have belonged to a hydrogen bomb blast, albeit a small one—though experts are still skeptical. Hydrogen bombs, or thermonuclear bombs, are actually a lot scarier than your run- of- the- mill atomic bombs. They have thermonuclear fuel inside that can be ignited during the first stage, which is still powered by nuclear fission. But “H- bombs” have another trick up their sleeve. They employ a second stage of reactions using nuclear fusion (the force that powers the sun) to basically magnify the destructive force of a typical atomic explosion. As the fusion of deuterium and tritium (types of hydrogen) occurs and atoms link together, they fire off neutrons to create even more destructive power in a chain reaction when they come in contact with the bomb’s uranium layer. If you thought atomic bombs were bad, these things are truly nasty. This is advice I hope you never need but should know anyway. A nuclear attack is everybody’s worst…Read more To give you some perspective, one of the first high- yield thermonuclear bombs the U. S. tested at Bikini Atoll in 1. Castle Bravo,” was over 1,0. Little Boy,” dropped on Hiroshima in 1. Enola Gay. That bomb killed 6. In fact, the Castle Bravo blast was so intense, its designers were taken by surprise when it went off. They miscalculated the yield of the blast by almost 1. Another way to explain the difference in devastation: an atomic bomb could kill half of Manhattan; a hydrogen bomb could vaporize the entire city of New York. Still, experts are skeptical that North Korea has the capability to build and detonate a hydrogen bomb. This isn’t even the first time they’ve claimed to do such a thing either. In January of 2. 01. The notion of an h- bomb test is concerning, but it’s also possible North Korea tested what’s known as a “boosted atomic bomb.” These boosted bombs just add a little thermonuclear gas to the bomb’s atomic core, increasing the blast yield, but not nearly as much as a hydrogen bomb. They’re only about three times the blasting power as Little Boy. For now, we’ll have to wait and see what U. S. reconnaissance can tell us in the coming days. Update: Castle Bravo was not the first thermonuclear device tested by the U. S.—that honor goes to Ivy Mike—it was the first in a series of high yield nuclear device tests. The text above has been changed to reflect the correct information. ©2007 The Museum of Technology, The Great War and WWII Company registered in England No. 7452160, Registered Charity No. 1140352, Accredited Museum No. 2221. After being taken down twice by Blogger within a single week, we got the message: It’s Time To Go. Gates of Vienna has moved to a new address. Weedsport History. This is Page 1. If you wish to see the most recent articles, Please click on page 2--- http://joanhigham.com/WeedsportHistory/WeedsportHistory2.html. Thanks @WShaw. Christian. Journalist Nearly Banned from You. Tube and Gmail For Posting Al- Qaeda Videos From Chelsea Manning Trial.
You. Tube’s latest push to ban terrorist propaganda across its ubiquitous video platform is getting off to a rough start. Earlier this week, noted investigative reporter and researcher Alexa O’Brien woke to find that not only had she been permanently banned from You. Tube, but that her Gmail and Google Drive accounts had been suspended as well. She would later learn that a reviewer who works for Google had mistakenly identified her channel, in the words of a You. Tube representative, as “being dedicated to terrorist propaganda.”This drastic enforcement action followed months of notifications from You. Tube, in which O’Brien was told that three of her videos had been flagged for containing “gratuitous violence.” None of the videos, however, depict any actual scenes of violence, except for one that includes footage of American helicopter pilots gunning down civilians in Iraq, which has been widely viewed on You. Tube for half a decade. While appealing You. Tube’s decision, O’Brien learned that the mechanism for correcting these mistakes can be vexing, and that a fair outcome is far from guaranteed. By Wednesday morning, her channel was slated for deletion. The Google Drive account she was locked out of contained hundreds of hours of research—or years worth of her work—and was abruptly taken offline. She was then told that she was “prohibited from accessing, possessing or creating any other You. Tube accounts.” The ban was for life, and with little explanation and zero human interaction, O’Brien’s research, much of it not accessible elsewhere, was bound for Google’s trashcan. With the knowledge that You. Tube has faced increased pressure from the US and European governments to crack down on the spread of terrorist propaganda—a consequence of which has led to the disappearance of content amassed by conflict reporters—it wasn’t difficult to deduce what had happened to O’Brien’s account. The problem was eventually addressed and representatives of both Google and You. Tube later called O’Brien to apologize and explain the error. When she was told that her channel had been misidentified as an outlet for terrorist propaganda, she could hardly contain her laughter. It was a series of unfortunate events,” a You. Tube rep told her. The mistake, they explained, was the fault of a human reviewer employed by Google. A spokesperson for Google told Gizmodo on Friday: “With the massive volume of videos on our site, sometimes we make the wrong call. When it’s brought to our attention that a video or channel has been removed mistakenly, we act quickly to reinstate it.”“This for archival purposes. This is not for propaganda purposes.”This year, You. Tube has begun increasingly relying on machine learning to find and scrub extremist content from its pages—a decision prompted by the successful online recruiting efforts of extremist groups such as ISIS. With over 4. 00 hours of content uploaded to You. Tube every minute, Google has pledged the development and implementation of systems to target and remove what it calls “terror content.”Last month, a You. Tube spokesperson admitted, however, that its programs “aren’t perfect,” nor are they “right for every setting.” But in many cases, the spokesperson said, its AI has proven “more accurate than humans at flagging videos that need to be removed.” In a call Wednesday, a You. Tube representative told Alexa: “Humans will continue to make mistakes, just like any machine system would obviously be flawed.” The machine, which prioritizes the content reviewed by human eyes, wasn’t “quite ready,” she said, to recognize the context under which controversial content is uploaded. The O’Brien incident demonstrates that Google has many miles to go before its AI and human reviewers are skilled enough to distinguish between extremist propaganda and the investigative work that even Google agrees is necessary to broaden the public’s knowledge of the intricate military, diplomatic, and law enforcement policies at play throughout the global war on terror. Al- Qaeda and The As- Sahāb Tape. What prompted a Google reviewer to designate O’Brienas a purveyor of terrorist content? Well, for one, her channel contains actual al- Qaeda propaganda. But that propaganda is also an important piece of US history: A few years ago, it nearly cost former US Army Private Chelsea Manning a life sentence. O’Brien’s channel contain portions of a June 2. Qaeda outlet As- Saḥāb Media featuring Adam Yahiye Gadahn, a US- born al- Qaeda operative in the Arabian Peninsula, who—in earlier jihadi propaganda tapes rebroadcast by US network news—referred to himself as “Azzam the American.” In 2. Gadahn appeared in an al- Qaeda documentary that features an introduction by Ayman al- Zawahiri, the al- Qaeda co- founder and current leader of the organization who succeeded Bin Laden in 2. In January 2. 01. Gadahn was killed in Pakistan in a series of US drone strikes, which also claimed the lives of foreign aid workers Giovanni Lo Porto and Warren Weinstein. O’Brien’s interest in Gadahn has nothing to do with spreading his views on the “Great Satan” or his prophesies of American streets run with blood. The footage she preserved using You. Tube’s service, which was also embedded in an off- site analysis, was used by military prosecutors to support criminal offenses at the court martial of Chelsea Manning. The criminal proceedings against Manning lacked contemporaneous access to the court record. Only the work of reporters, like O’Brien, who personally attended the trial, is available to the public. The As- Saḥāb video featuring Gadahn came into play after the US government accused Manning of “aiding the enemy,” a charge that, unlike most derived from the military’s code of justice, can be applied to civilians. And it carries a life sentence. Manning was accused of aiding Gadahn, legally defined in the court martial as an enemy of the US, because the As- Saḥāb video cites both Wiki. Leaks and the State Department cables that Manning leaked. An unidentified male narrator in the Gadahn video references, for example, the “revelations of Wiki. Leaks,” and claims they expose “the subservience of the rulers of the Muslim world for their master America.” The video also includes portions of the infamous “Collateral Murder” tape, which depicts American Apache pilots firing upon a group of men in Baghdad, killing among them two Reuters journalists.“The excerpts contained in all three videos were squarely in the public interest..”A stipulation in the criminal case reveals that the US government argued Osama bin Laden himself had been in receipt of, and consequently aided by, the intelligence Manning leaked. The evidence to support this, however, is classified—all of it collected during the May 2, 2. Abbottabad compound. An analysis conducted by O’Brien, which includes the portions of the As- Saḥāb video she uploaded to You. Tube, suggests that Bin Laden may have somehow received a copy of the video while hiding in Pakistan. A digital copy of the tape itself may even have been recovered by the US Navy SEALs that breached his compound during the CIA- led mission that ended in Bin Laden’s death. The video of Gadhan had already been entered into evidence to support the aiding the enemy charge—but to prevent testimony, which would’ve involved an elaborate set- up to conceal the identity of a witness linked to the Bin Laden evidence, Manning’s defense agreed to stipulate that Bin Laden was in possession of information tied to Wiki. Leaks. The CIA recovered, for example, a letter from Bin Laden in which he requests from a member of al- Qaeda US Department of Defense material released by Wiki. Leaks. In another letter, an al- Qaeda operative attached a number of leaked battlefield reports.
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